Category Archives: Microhistories

Alcatraz – The Island and its Environment

Environment

The environmental aspects of Alcatraz Island can be divided into three categories: birds, rock formations, and plant life. Each of these categories has a unique value and varying stakeholders.

The Birds

Canada Geese

Canada Geese

In 2007 there were 1078 pairs of birds on the island, including western gulls, pelagic cormorants, pigeon guillemots, a pair of black oystercatchers, snowy egrets and black crowned night herons. These birds have migrated to Alcatraz because of a decrease of crayfish on the Farallon Islands, and to escape the pollution of the SF Bay Area.  The bird population of Alcatraz has an intrinsic value.

Snowy Egret

Snowy Egret

One of the issues with the birds is that they can be disturbed by tourists on the island and kayakers, causing them to abandon their nests along with their chicks.  Their presence on Alcatraz thus limits the use and development of Alcatraz as a tourist attraction. Some sites are closed off to prevent disturbance to the nests. To meet these challenges the Golden Gate Park Conservancy has been working on and implementing strategy outlines in The Bird Conservation and Management Strategy for Historic Alcatraz Island. They are working with organizations such as PRBO Conservation Science and the US Geological Survey, who help monitor the birds.

The Geological Formation – the “Rock”

As with the bird population, the “Rock” itself has intrinsic value.  Alcatraz has socio-cultural values, which include historical, cultural/symbolic and aesthetic values. The people who lived on the island, such as the Native Americans, army officers, prison inmates and prison wardens, had a connection with the island itself, and experienced its isolation.

Some of the most pressing problems with the “Rock” are the natural erosion of formations, damage caused by construction, and demolition of the debris remaining from conservation projects. The park staff are repairing water and electric systems, removing dangerous materials, stabilizing buildings and bringing them up to modern safety standards. Also, the park managers made the decision to sell the debris from reconstruction as souvenirs in the gift shop. This allows the debris to be cleaned up, and opens up another revenue stream for the park.

The Gardens

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Officer Row Gardens

Another aspect of the environment is the plant life of Alcatraz. Besides having an intrinsic value, the plant life of Alcatraz also has socio-cultural values, such as historical, cultural/symbolic and aesthetic values. The gardens were cultivated by the various inhabitants of the island during each era. First, the gardens were planted and tended by the soldiers, then by prison inmates and officers’ families.

The biggest challenge for the gardens is the maintenance of the plants. Lutsko Associates, the Olmsted Center, the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, and the Garden Conservancy have combined their efforts to create a survey of the surviving plants and a plan for landscape maintenance and stabilization. These organizations created the Alcatraz Garden Project, which attracts volunteers to help maintain the gardens. In 2009, 613 volunteers put in 7,000 hours of service. During 2005-2007 plans for Main Road and Officer Row Gardens were implemented. The volunteers have also devised a rainwater irrigation system.

By Tatyana Kovaleva

All picture metadata can be found at our Flickr account; To access it, please click one photo from the right side-bar.

City Lights Bookstore: Other Beat Cities

While San Francisco is often attributed as the main gathering place of the Beat movement, the movement was also international and the cities listed below played important parts as well.

New York

  • Many of the Beats attended Columbia University where they met through classes and mutual friends
  • Began to get together regularly to discuss different topics, poetry, and explore the city
  • Influenced by the jazz scene,  coffee shops, and art scene.  The jazz scene in particular influenced Kerouac’s poetry as he tried to mimic the jazz rhythm in his writing

Paris

  • The Beats were attracted to the Latin Quarter and cheap rates at Madame Rachou’s hotel (cheap because it lacked proper accommodations such as a kitchen, access to showers)
  • The city provided a free environment for the Beats to experiment in many ways through poetry, sexuality, and community

Mexico City

  • Accessible through the Pan American Highway, promotion of tourism by the Mexican government, peso devaluation
  • Beats inspired to visit after friends’ experiences and books written about the country
  • Attracted to the easy lifestyle the city provided but later became disenchanted after certain events
  • Jack Kerouac visited and lived in the city multiple times,  and wrote many works, including Mexico City Blues
  • William Burroughs lived in the city with his wife and children, hosted friends, and wrote other works.  Also ended up accidentally killing his wife in drunken game of “William Tell”
  • Other Beats attended school and took courses in indigenous languages and anthropology

City Lights Bookstore: Project Profiles

Below are some extended descriptions of projects our teams proposed for City Lights.

Virtual City Lights
Creating a virtual City Lights would provide access to all people, ensuring that those who cannot physically visit the space have the opportunity to experience all that City Lights has to offer.  The opening page would be the entry to City Lights Books, the first space one encounters when they enter the store.  When physically visiting the store a customer would have the opportunity to check-in their bag, ask staff about various titles carried or about certain sections.     From the point of entry, the visitor could choose to wander the main floor, visit the basement, or visit the second floor.  If the visitor decides that they would like to see the “Stolen Continents” section they are directed to the basement. The visitor is “lead downstairs” demonstrated by a video camera that zooms in on the basement from the top of the stairs.  Once in the basement the visitor can peruse the section they’re interested in by seeing a direct, head-on shot of the available titles.  To “look” at a book, the visitor would click on the title which would link them to the book’s information webpage.  This page provides a brief description of the book and an option for more detailed information.
We would like to note that part of the visitor’s experience should include sound to make the experience as authentic and interesting as possible. Some ideas for incorporating sound include people reading their poetry, spoken word clips, historical audio clips, and clips from reading by visiting writers.  We do not want the audio clips to be a primary experience for the visitor and therefore too distracting however, so we would ensure that visitors have the opportunity to mute the sounds.
The visitor is not required to travel through the website in a linear fashion but rather has the option to make this a multi-dimensional experience with the freedom to explore the site.  A visitor can “travel” floor by floor or section by section.  For example, if the visitor reads about a poet in the history section and wants to see that poet’s collection they could travel to the main entry for directions or if they are familiar with the site “travel” directly to the poetry section or to the third floor.
We hope to make the experience as authentic and personable online as they might experience actually visiting the store in person.
Share Your Poem Project
The “Share Your Poem Project” will focus on giving an audience to voices that aren’t always heard and linking the residents of the Chinatown and North Beach neighborhoods together through the process of recording and sharing poetry. The “Share Your Poem Project,” will invite local residents to contribute poetry through recording and listening stations set up throughout the community, and increase the number of literary voices in the air of the neighborhood. The emphasis on local residents as the intended participants will also foster neighborhood connections and a sense of community to help maintain City Lights as a Literary Meeting Place, a theme and principle it was founded upon. People who want to be a part of the project can stop into an old phone both converted into “poetry station” and submit their favorite poem. They can compose their own work, recite something they were taught as a child, or read any poem that has stuck with them. They can also listen to others contributions.
There will be 8 stations set up at locations within the two neighborhoods (in addition to City Lights) that already serve as important gathering places. The neighborhood is often overwhelmed by tourists, yet the locations selected are more “everyday” on the surface and aim to serve people living in the neighborhood, even those who have no personal connection to City Lights. Each station will have both a recording booth and a listening booth. The recording booth will include an audio recorder, pen and paper, and a typewriter. The listening booth will include a bulletin board and headphones to display the poems recorded in the designated station. Each booth has been placed in a location that either fosters beat generation/literary ideals or that reaches a distinct part of the community that we hope to include in the project. The locations are displayed below, followed by an explanation as to why they are sites of importance for this project.
In order to reach those who aren’t particularly interested in poetry, there will also be a different copy of one collection from the City Lights Pocket Poet Series at each station. This will be designed to increase participation to include those who may have never written poetry before or who have not received enough exposure to poetry to be able to recite or write down a favorite poem.  Even people who have never read poetry before can read through the poems from the City Lights series and recite one of the poems out loud for the aduio recorder, adding their own personal touch and bringing it to life. The inclusion of early well-known poems published by City Lights in this series (such as Howl) will also help people connect to the the history and realize the relevance of older work in the neighborhood today and may help inspire people to write their own poems.
One of the goals of this project is to connect the people who visit different sites in Chinatown and North Beach in their daily routines. Spatially. these two neighborhoods not only closely border each other, but are tightly woven together and in some areas the boundary is unclear. Yet they seem to be considered very different neighborhoods. There have already been a few public art projects that have emphsized the physical and literary connection between the two neighborhoods. The aim of this project is to strengthen the connection of people and ideas in both neighborhoods.
There will also be live reading events in connection with the poems collected. However, keeping in spirit with the idea of sharing and connecting, people will not recite the poem that they contributed, but instead pick another from the collection. There will be “happy hour” reading events occurring on weekday evenings for those who live in the neighborhood to stop by on their way home from work. The weekend scene seems to be filled with tourists and rowdy partiers who frequent the adult entertainment clubs, so these evening events will provide a nice contrast as they will be more low-key and hopefully appeal to local residents.

“Howl” Trial Re-Enactment


This project aims for City Lights Bookstore to preserve the heritage of free speech that it pioneered.  While the purpose behind City Lights Bookstore was to promote free speech and thought that was not able to be expressed elsewhere, the historical event that solidified and gave credibility to City Lights’ purpose was the “Howl” trial.  “Howl” was written by Allen Ginsberg and was published and distributed by City Lights. However, the sale of this work was stopped and deemed obscene.  Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Shigeyoshi Murao were taken to court and charged with obscenity because of the poem’s references to drugs and heterosexual and homosexual acts.  Keeping in mind this was all occurring during the late 1950s and that nothing like this had ever taken place before, the monumental decision that did not deem the work obscene but rather that it was of “redeeming social importance” was a landmark.
In order to highlight the importance of the trial and its impact, we would like to propose to have a re-enactment of part of the trial in conjunction with other events.  Seeing as how City Lights continues to promote literary events such as readings, we believe it would be a good idea to continue in this tradition and do brief theatrical re-enactments of either parts of the trial, or the arrest that lead to the trial.  One idea would be to perform different parts of the trial in chronological order and have the performances coincide with the plaza event.  The performances would take place before the actual plaza celebration in order to attract interest and hype up the event. City Lights’s Poetry Room would be a fitting setting in which to perform scenes because it provides space and it also highlights that Ginsberg’s “Howl” was essentially a poem.  In order to signify the importance of the trial and the decision, the opening scene before the trial could be that an actor (or willing participant/attendee), at the register paying for merchandise is suddenly “arrested” for purchasing “obscene” merchandise.  Once the customer and cashier are “taken away”, a narrator could pose the question, “Imagine if what you read was regulated today?” This opening question could lead some of the attendees to reflect as they watch the re-enactment progress.
Keeping in mind that “Howl” was a poem, and the people present at the re-enactment might want to discuss what they just saw and debrief with other audience members, it might also be a fun idea do a “Poetry as a Weapon” workshop after the performance.  While the workshop has Bay Area youth as its target audience,  it would be available to anyone who is interested in participation.  Themes to be used as inspiration are: free-speech, censorship, activism, and life journeys.  To link the present with the past, Beat authors could facilitate the workshops. These poetry workshops could be used to demonstrate the impact and power of words can have to create social change and reinforce freedom (of word, speech, expression).

City Lights Bookstore: Plans and Suggestions

Taking into account the different components that have been presented in City Lights bookstore  management plan, our team has come up with different suggestions and recommendations that will be helpful to implement through an action plan that can be very beneficial for City Lights, both as a bookstore and as a cultural heritage site.  Below are timeline suggestions as well as brief descriptions of what the recommendations entail.

Short Term Plans & Suggestions (to be considered within the next 5 years):

  • Establish a timeline or routine to check for building’s seismic and earthquake safety and implement it periodically.
  • Begin looking into possibilities of making bookstore ADA accessible and examine alteration guidelines established by the city for historical landmarks.
  • Brainstorm ways in which businesses that are historically tied to the Beat Movement might be able to collaborate to increase both the visitor and tourist market that would benefit all businesses involved. Continue collaboration if successful.

Medium Term Plans & Suggestions (to be considered within the next 10 years):

  •  Discuss and consider the possibility of tapping into new markets such as the electronic book industry.
  • If ADA accessibility is not completely realistic with building alteration, ideas such as “Virtual City Lights” and the book request kiosk should be considered.
  • Outreach to North Beach and Chinatown residents and businesses to begin a coalition that meets regularly to discuss the ways in which the cost of living is affecting the community and neighborhoods and what can be done about it.
  • Examine how the commemoration of dissident and marginalized voices within the Beat Movement can be executed and come up with project ideas and events.

Long Term Plans & Suggestions (to be considered within the next 25 years):

  • Look into and research ways in which the Poet’s Plaza can become a reality. Although there are currently monetary and capacity limitations, promoting the idea now might lead to public interest and potential donors that may help fund the project in order to turn it into a reality.
  • Despite being named a historical landmark, it is in City Lights’ interest to continue to promote its history and contribution in order to emphasize its relevancy and stay in business. Projects like “Share Your Own Poem” and “Howl” trial re-enactment should be carried out and can be possibly incorporated into annual events.

City Lights Bookstore: Threats to the Site

The potential expansion of the financial district is a threat to the neighborhood that supports City Lights, and therefore a threat to City Lights itself. The bookstore sits right on the edge of San Francisco’s economic center. Despite the proximity to the skyscrapers, North Beach has continued to maintain a small, cohesive true neighborhood feel with some relatively affordable housing, mainly in the form of SRO (single room occupancy) hotels and small apartments. While City Lights owns the building that they operate from, neighboring residential buildings and businesses face the threat of being displaced by higher-profit tenants. The potential change to the demographic of the tenants could dramatically alter the character of the neighborhood. Preventing developers who try to expand high rises and condominiums into the Chinatown and North Beach areas will continue to be crucial in preserving the City Lights community.

Keeping rent affordable for tenants is vital in keeping the literary nature to the neighborhood. In order to maintain a creative community that is supportive of City Lights it is vital to keep the single room occupancy hotels in the area so that particularly artists (including the poets of the Beat Generation who may be nearing an age where they are too old to work) and creative folk struggling financially can still stay in the neighborhood and bring their work to the community.

Here are some links to community groups working on behalf of the neighborhood in various ways:

Chinatown Community Development Center: http://www.chinatowncdc.org/

North Beach Merchants Association:  http://northbeachmerchants.com/index.html

Telegraph Hill Dwellers: http://www.thd.org/

North Beach Citizens: http://www.northbeachcitizens.org/

Manilatown Heritage Foundation (I-Hotel senior housing): http://www.manilatown.org/

(Lucy)

City Lights Bookstore: Poet’s Plaza

To continue the idea of the “literary meeting place” a vision for a “Poet’s Plaza” has been put forward by City Lights founder, Lawrence Ferlinghetti. The Poet’s Plaza is proposed to be built on the portion of Vallejo Street between the National Shrine of Saint Francis and Cafe Trieste, between Columbus and Grant Streets. The plan includes olive trees, stone benches, chess tables, and one corner of the square will have a permanent poet’s podium. The plaza will reflect the characteristics of well-known Italian piazzas and be a meeting place for poets, the local community and tourists from around the world. Ferlinghetti’s idea is in the fundraising stage, and he has stated that three million dollars is needed.

to learn more visit the project website: http://poetsplaza.org/

(Lucy)

City Lights Bookstore: Site Management

BOTH A BUSINESS AND HISTORICAL SITE:

City Lights is celebrated both as a place of rich history and as a thriving business that continues to serve its customers just as well as it did when it was first opened. These two functions complement each other, yet it means that there are two different management goals. City Lights needs to be managed both as a business and as a historical site.

To remain a thriving business it is important to work to remain relevant and current in publishing and bookselling, rather than just trying to capitalize solely on the rich history. Ferlinghetti and the management staff are well aware of this and are fully integrated into the modern contexts of both the publishing and bookselling realms as they continue to give voice to many who may not be heard elsewhere. The current executive director of the bookstore and editorial director of City Lights Publishers said in an interview with Publishers Weekly, “We can’t stay mired in history—and never wanted to. We’re not going to just get by because we’re the ‘vaunted City Lights.’ The bohemian bank account isn’t really getting many deposits these days.” (Wilner 2007) City Lights continues to publish and sell current, cutting-edge works that one can’t find many other places.

THE BEAT MUSEUM:

Currently the role of managing the history largely occurs off-site at the Beat Museum across the street from the store. While in City Lights much of the original décor (signs, shelving etc.) is the same and there are photographs and merchandise for sale that celebrates the bookstore’s past, for the most part the Beat Museum is the place that tells the history of City Lights and the Beat Generation through the artifacts that it houses. The museum is not associated in any way with the management of the store and is owned separately. The museum’s collection contains a wide mix ranging from items that the owner, Jerry, has been collecting since his childhood interest in the Beats began and other items donated or on loan from various people, many of whom still live in the neighborhood.

Brandon from the Beat Museum speaks about the Beats

learn more! at The Beat Museum Website: http://www.thebeatmuseum.org/

(Lucy)

City Lights Bookstore: Community

Community Geography

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Jack Kerouac Alley

Audio Profile: Street Performer Renee de la Prade

City Lights is located at the point where three vibrant San Francisco neighborhoods converge. Chinatown, North Beach, and the Financial District all bring different crowds from the surrounding streets to the store. Being open from 10 am to midnight means that visitors to the store vary greatly as the area experiences dramatic temporal changes. The morning hours begin with a burst of energy in the cafes, where poets and others gather to muse. On weekdays, the daytime audience may be the business folk wandering up from the financial district on their lunch break looking for food, particularly Chinese or Italian. Around five, the crowd that surrounds the store becomes people coming home from work and stopping to buy groceries at the many Chinese markets. Around this time readings and speakers draw people into the store. As it gets dark the lights begin to glow and the air begins to buzz with the bar crowd. On weekend nights in particular, the neighborhood gets rowdy as people, both locals and tourists, come to visit the nightclubs featuring erotic entertainment. With the coming together of so many different interests within this unique geography surrounding City Lights, approaches to reach visitors must be fluid and easy to adjust to meet the needs of the various moments.

(1) Vesuvio – Executive Summary

Interpretive Plan for Preserving Cultural Heritage:

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Henri Lenoir in front of Vesuvio, 1963.

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Shawn O'Shaughnessy's mural on wall of Vesuvio in Jack Kerouac Alley, 2011.

Vesuvio is a living, working bar with a firm grasp of its own identity. Though Vesuvio wants to remain as a place reminiscent of the past, it also wants to be an active participant in its present, and productively carry on into the future. Vesuvio’s identity has always been as a space that welcomes people from all walks of life and where individuality is respected inside the bar even if the rest of society outside disagrees. This manifesto, if you will, has been central to its historical significance as an iconic North Beach bar, and for its continued success as an invaluable San Francisco institution.

We believe that the management and interpretation at Vesuvio should be as dynamic and as engaging as the bar itself. The overarching goals of the management plan therefore are to articulate and maintain the understanding that Vesuvio is a place for all generations and social groups, foster a strong identity in the citizens of North Beach to their cultural heritage, and mobilize the residents to play an active role in the heritage management of the bar. To achieve our overall goals we aim to design projects that strive to:

  • Maintain the integrity and spirit of the bar and convey these qualities to the public through varieties of interpretation.
  • Keep a connection between the past and the present to demonstrate the impact that each can have on the other.
  • Encourage the continuity and modification of human experience, utilizing new technology to articulate the story and identity of Vesuvio.
  • Emphasize the importance of art in the history and life of Vesuvio and use new media to connect to local and non-local artistic communities.
  • Garner economic benefits for the bar by attracting a larger pool of customers.

Click on this link for a look at the PDF file of our complete Interpretive Plan for Vesuvio.

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Henri Lenoir and Vesuvio, c. 1960.

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Exterior of Vesuvio, 2011.

(2) Vesuvio – Background

History:

“Vesuvio has never been just a bar. It’s true that booze sales pay the bills but the place is also an art gallery, a museum, a living room for those of us in cramped apartments, a community meeting place, a support group headquarters, a literary Mecca, a mandatory stop on a tourist’s agenda, and a place to try and get laid.” – Robert Celli
 
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Exterior of Vesuvio (bottom, right business on the corner), c. 1949.

Vesuvio is a bilevel saloon that seats 120 people and is located at 255 Columbus Avenue, on the corner of Jack Kerouac Alley in North Beach, San Francisco. Vesuvio’s statuesque building, which originally was a one-story structure that dates back to 1913, is known as the Cavalli Building, former site of the A. Cavalli & Co. bookstore. Architect Italo Zanolini, who was responsible for several other architectural gems in the area, designed it using plaster on pressed tin in the Italian Renaissance Revival style.

This iconic area is as equally known for its seedy rebellious past – strip clubs, longshoremen, ex-GIs, artists – as it is for its sophisticated architecture, espresso cafes, and Italian ancestry. The second owner of Vesuvio, Henri Lenoir, opened its doors as a saloon in 1948. Vesuvio Café was previously a restaurant that had gone out of business. Since buying the building initially left Lenoir short on funds, he never changed the name; changing the name would have required spending more money on replacement signage, exterior decor, etcetera; hence the “Café” part of Vesuvio’s name today.

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Henri Lenoir, employees and customers, date unknown.

A painter himself, Lenoir wanted to establish a place that would support his circle of friends who had an interest in the visual arts and were “Bohemian” in attitude. They surrounded themselves with other artists, listened to the Jazz musicians who played regularly in the neighborhood, sat in on readings by the “alternative-style” writers who were drawn to the area by City Lights Books next door, and ate eclectic, international food at all of the cheap restaurants nearby. These restaurants were run by recent immigrants to the United States who literally fed this band of “miscreants’” desire to try out new and “exotic” things that were considered strange to the majority of American society at the time.

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Xmas card photo. (Left to right) customers Tony La Paz, Jim Bell. Waitresses Maya Dhillon, Alice Holden, Suzanne Mazursky, Lyn, and Adriana. Bartenders Bruce Weiss, Ron Leon, David Wood, Burnie Priest. Henri Lenoir and Calso the cat on Maya's motorcycle, 1960s.

Modern Context:

Today, Vesuvio still upholds this counterculture tradition even if the world around it is moving forward and the population profile of the area reorganizes. The bar is an actively used space in a popular, trendy urban area in a world-renowned, cosmopolitan city. The area is densely populated and local officials expect residential tenancy to increase in the future. The demographics of North Beach have changed drastically over time and those shifts may indirectly affect Vesuvio. What was once low-rent housing for artists and young people has shifted to over-priced apartments for wealthy business people, or rent-controlled apartments for elderly residents. Amid this odd combination of upheaval and stagnation, Vesuvio has tried to keep its original mantra of accepting those who were under-represented or unwelcome in “regular” bars while making some adjustments to cater to the new, more gentrified clientele.

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View looking out of Vesuvio's windows onto corner of Columbus and Broadway Avenues, 2011. Photo courtesy of CoDiFi.

Click on this link for a look at the PDF file of our complete Interpretive Plan for Vesuvio.